There is something to be said for being in the right place at the right time. Yesterday I had the opportunity to be part of something that has only happened twice in the past eighteen years; a manned pusher operation on the east slope of Rogers Pass, BC. While some of you may take this opportunity to let out a disinterested yawn, for me this was the Mount Everest of experiences. In order to understand why, perhaps a little history is in order.
The Canadian Pacific Railway was originally expected to be built through Yellowhead Pass, west of what is now Edmonton. Had this alignment been followed, western Canada would likely look a lot different today. When the Canadian Government learned of the proposed route, they feared that building the line so far to the north would leave the fertile southern reaches of the prairies open to attack and possible annexation by the United States. The CPR was obligated to choose a more southerly route through the Rockies via Kicking Horse Pass. This complicated matters on two fronts. First and foremost, the rugged valley of the Kicking Horse was by all accounts a terrible pass and presented the railway with a treacherous 4.5% descending grade as the line plunged westward from the continental divide. Second, the new route west of the Rockies would necessitate a crossing of the Selkirk mountain range; through which no known pass existed. Surveyors tried and failed repeatedly to find a viable route, until the CPR in desperation called in one of the most colourful characters in Canadian history: Major Albert Bowman Rogers. Although it took him the better part of two years to do so, Rogers ultimately discovered the pass that bears his name today. His findings came not a moment too soon; by the time of discovery the track laying gangs had already reached Kicking Horse Pass and the company was essentially building westward in blind faith that a pass through the Selkirks existed at all.
Rogers Pass itself is almost as legendary as the man who discovered it. It is wild and remote, and is one of the most savagely beautiful places on earth. Unfortunately, it is as unforgiving as it is impressive, and the railway would come to know its true nature almost immediately. Although Rogers Pass is technically a pass, as a transportation thoroughfare it is terrible. The grades were punishing right from the start, and the winters were terrible beyond imagination. Avalanches claimed dozens of lives and heavy snowfall paralyzed the line for weeks at a time. By the turn of the century, with the cost of operating over Rogers Pass mounting both in lives and dollars, the CPR decided to eliminate the problem by constructing a five mile-long tunnel underneath the summit. Completed in 1909, the Connaught tunnel was at the time the longest railway tunnel in the world.
Rogers Pass remained a formidable adversary. Although the worst sections of the line were circumvented, the snow was still just as heavy and the grades just as steep. From the mouth of the Beaver River west to Stoney Creek, the westbound grade was a torturous 2.2%. As trains grew longer and heavier, CPR was forced once again to look for solutions. The answer was simple: more engines. CPR created a manned pusher district on the east slope of the pass in order to assist the loaded westbound trains. Extra engines would be cut in at the base of the hill and would push the train westward up to the siding at Stoney Creek, where they would be cut off and return to the bottom to await the next train in need of assistance. In the 1970s and 1980s, the operation was spectacular. The Rogers pushers consisted of two dedicated sets of six locomotives, which would be cut into the train about 3/4 of the way back. Westbound bulk trains would usually have three locomotives on the head end and two mid-train “remote” helpers, and would still require the six-unit pusher in order to tackle the hill. With train weights approaching 14,000 tons, the eleven locomotives, yeilding a combined total of 33,000 horsepower, would use every bit of power they could summon to shoulder the tonnage to the top of the grade. Finally, as the mid-1980s brought yet another increase in train weights, CPR decided that the pushers had grown too costly and inefficient to continue to operate. They built a new alignment under Rogers Pass, tunneling for eleven miles under Mount Macdonald and Mount Cheops and effectively double-tracking the line. Hundreds of millions of dollars yeilded a dozen new bridges, a more manageable 1% westbound grade, and two new tunnels; one of which is still the longest tunnel in the western hemisphere. Due to the grade reduction, all westbound trains would begin using the new Macdonald track immediately. The old line became known as the Connaught track and remained in use, but only for eastbound trains that would be descending the grade. Although impressive in its own right, the new line spelled the end for the Rogers pushers and seemed to domesticate the once-forbidding pass. The Macdonald track opened in 1988, and the pushers, like so many stories of the pass they helped to conquer, faded into history.
In 2004, shifting rock in the Mount Shaughnessy tunnel forced CPR to close the new line for two weeks in order to stabilize the walls of the tunnel. Unable to squeeze 24 hours worth of trains into the twelve-hour window when the engineering crews would not be working, CPR was left with no option but to use the old grade. The pushers returned to Rogers Pass. They saw limited use, as the company preferred to use them only on priority trains and ran as many trains as possible during the window outside the tunnel work block. Two weeks later, the pushers were banished once more; presumably forever.
In July of this year, the rock inside the Mount Shaughnessy tunnel had again become unstable to the point that CPR once again had to undertake a massive repair project. Once again, the company was faced with the unpleasant necessity of running westbounds up the Connaught track. This time, however, it would be longer-term. The tunnel work would require between six and eight weeks to complete, and the twelve-hour work blocks would be extended as necessary in order to complete the tunnel work as quickly as possible. I had never witnessed a manned pusher operation and had to see it before it disappeared again, so on Wednesday a friend and I made the trip to Rogers Pass to see a piece of history in action.
I decided that I wanted to write an article about the pushers. (no, this isn’t it) I have always enjoyed writing and have often dreamed of being published. I figure that there is no time like the present to start trying, so off we went in search of material.
We found the pusher set at Rogers and spoke with the crew, who referred us to their supervisor. As it turned out, I knew the guy and we ended up talking to him for over an hour. At the end of the conversation, we not only had the information we wanted but also an invitation to ride with the pusher crew up to Stoney Creek and back. Needless to say, it didn’t take us long to accept.
I won’t bore you with the details, but suffice it to say that the ride was a serious thrill. The train we pushed weighed in at nearly 18,000 tons, and I have never seen locomotives work so hard in my life. With the advent of modern technology, the engines now are much more powerful than they were in the 80s and it now takes seven units to move a train that previously required eleven. Still, the display of power is impressive. Standing on the walkways, I could feel the engines shake as the wheels fought for traction, and I could feel the heat from the exhaust even though it was several feet above my head. The four units pushing for all they were worth made a sound something like jet engines at full power, and it was absolutely deafening. When I walked past the cooling intakes for the radiator, the air was being drawn so hard that it began to suck my clothing towards the intake grilles. It was the first time I have ever been on a train and been able to truly understand the force that is required to defy gravity by moving heavy tonnage up a mountain grade. It was almost like I could sense the inertia in the train, as if the cars were leaning back against us, waiting for an opportunity to roll back and crush us for attempting to force them up the hill. It was, in a word, humbling.
On the way down, the crew told us about some of the changes over the past twenty years. Both of them were veterans of the original pushers, and had plenty of stories to tell. When we reached the famous Stoney Creek bridge, they stopped the engines so we could get out and take some commemorative pictures. That’s me on the front of the unit, with 17,600 horsepower rumbling behind the cab and the ground about 325 feet below me. It really did feel like I was on top of the world.
I know that most of this will be lost on a lot of the people who read this, and that’s assuming that someone actually will. To that end, let me express my appreciation if you actually made it this far. To you it may sound about as exciting as a full-day marathon of Engelbert Humperdinck music videos overdubbed in Portuguese, but for me it was once more thing I can now cross of the list. Not only was it cool and fun, but I was lucky enough to be a part of history. Next week the tunnel will be not only repaired, but completely re-lined with reinforced concrete. The pushers will be gone again, and this time it is very likely that it will be for good. Even if that turns out to be the case, I will remember them forever.